Type of performance appraisals

Sort of execution examinations Presentation The capacity of execution examination is to give criticism on execution of workers during assessment. Input is significant to both the representatives being assessed just as the administration of the organization. Probably the most basic goals of an association, including moves, compensation audits, terminating of representatives and advancements, rely upon the manner in which the workers act in their occupations. Hierarchical assets portions are likewise founded on execution appraisal.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Type of execution evaluations explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, a perfect evaluation group improves authoritative turn of events, investigation and stream of correspondence. This report talks about three execution evaluation groups, including, self-appraisal, 360-degree criticism and the board by objective. Likewise, examined are the focal points and disservices of these presentation examination positions. T he 360-degree criticism technique The 360-degree input gives a perfect method of surveying the employee’s qualities and shortcomings. Its primary point is to enable the workers to enhance their exhibition. As indicated by Edwards and Ewin, input from different and regarded sources, for example, bosses, friends and subordinates will in general have more effect on individuals than a solitary source (215). Numerous representatives see execution data, from this methodology, as reasonable, dependable, precise and propelling. Representatives are probably going to be spurred to change their propensities to arrive at the principles of their colleagues than follow what is forced by their seniors (Edwards and Ewin 216). In mechanical brain science and Human Resources, 360-degree input is a criticism framework that starts from the employee’s nearest coworkers. It is in some cases alluded to as multisource evaluation, multisource input or multi-rater criticism. This input depends on bosses, companions and subordinates, who help in giving direct data with respect to the employees’ execution. In certain circumstances, this can be worried about input from merchants, client and different gatherings that are associated with an association. A 360-degree reaction is not the same as an upward reaction, which includes severe utilization of reports, or the regular execution evaluation where just the chiefs and managers are accused of appraisal of employees’ execution. The chief just exhibition evaluation depends on the supervisor’s judgment and, in this manner, it is emotional. They expend a great deal of time, and they are detested by those giving and getting them. They are done once per year and they survey the employee’s execution and give the administration the data it needs while advancing or expanding installment for the dedicated representatives (Edwards and Ewen 253).Advertising Looking for article on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 360-degree Feedback framework likewise improves the nature of representatives and execution measures by utilizing multi-raters, subsequently giving a progressively far reaching and adjusted view. As per Edwards and Ewen, the data gave is progressively solid, substantial and dependable since the sources associate regularly with the representative while at work (213). Single source examinations don't give precise data; they will in general give expanded assessments that give each business an elite rating. This outcomes into a domain where representatives feel that they are entitled for advancements or compensation increment without giving them the truly necessary data for development and improvement. This makes a strained air, among administrators and the representatives, since the directors think that its difficult to give basic and explicit input. The 360-degree examination (or multisource appraisa l or round trip input) gathers data from close coworkers of the representative under assessment, paying little mind to the position. The insight that these individuals unveil helps in deciding the qualities of the worker and territories that need improvement (Edwards and Ewen 250). Various explores (Rao 125) uncover that the 360-degree input framework helps in the turn of events and improvement of representatives since it causes them know the point of view of their presentation. As indicated by a five-year study (Walker and Smith 26), it was discovered that there was no improvement in the evaluations between the first and second years, however higher scores were acknowledged between the second, third and fourth years. As indicated by Edwards and Ewen, the representative exhibition expanded between the first and the subsequent year and executives kept this improvement two years after the fact (215). Preferences of 360-degree examination The principle favorable position of a 360-degre e input is that it gives an extensive perspective on an employee’s execution. Notwithstanding giving criticism from different perspectives, it limits the predispositions inalienable in assessments. Numerous appraisers are probably going to offset the different inclinations of various raters, and their alternate points of view joins to give a progressively exact, total and legitimate picture. The criticism that cuts over various angles exclusively helps the workers choose whether their exhibition examination is done reliably. People can procure data on how different coworkers considers them.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Type of execution examinations explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research shows that a few representatives don't care for administrators who break down them when they don't straightforwardly interface with them. The workers can likewise be assisted with consenting to data through procurement of direct data from associ ates and clients †this ought to be done secretly to ensure nobody is defrauded. Impediment of 360-degree evaluation One remarkable disservice of 360-degree input framework is that representatives think that its troublesome and awkward to offer legitimate criticism to their administrators. This can likewise occur between representative worker assessments. To keep away from analysis and counters, the framework ought not uncover the names of the patrons †this will likewise urge workers to give data unafraid of exploitation. Be that as it may, an inquiry rings a bell. Since various raters watch various practices, what is the premise whereupon these appraisals are watched? It has been discovered that subordinate can without much of a stretch observer different characters of their seniors, instead of the partners at a similar level with them. What's more, different customers can comprehend the workers that serve them. It is, be that as it may, hard to give predictable, positive and negative data on a representative in spite of the increase of the bits of knowledge of the view of the worker. The board by Objectives (MBO) MBO is an advanced technique for execution examination. This technique requires an understanding between the representatives and directors on explicit goals inside a cutoff time. For example, an organization may train a team lead to build his expenses by 25 percent inside a time of 3 months. When the objective is set, it is currently up to the project supervisor to arrange for how to accomplish the target. This method recognizes achievement or disappointment a lot simpler. The executives by targets (MBO) framework helps the administration set attainable objectives. It likewise enables the administration to accomplish the best outcomes from the accessible assets. MBO adjusts goals and subordinates destinations to the firm; in this manner, it helps upgrade the authoritative execution. As indicated by Ducker, MOB works if the targets are known for 90% of the period not known. Be that as it may, numerous pundits contend that Peter Ducker’s MBO ideas are difficult to execute. By and by, when each worker comprehends and grasps the points of an association, at that point their turn of events and viability will be useful in achieving the objectives that the administration looks for. Focal points of MBO If the representatives can have the option to meet the set objectives or even surpass them, at that point they are considered to have performed acceptably well (Rao 125). The board by target group gives that the exhibition of a worker is perceptible; be that as it may, the conduct of those representatives must be deduced.Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This perception result from the way that this methodology expect that it is very hard to separate the segments that shape the employees’ execution. This technique gives that the parts of employees’ execution ought not be separated. On the other hand, harmonization of the various perspectives is suggested, so the practices of the representatives can be watched all the more successfully and legitimately. MBO rule includes all the work force at all levels in surrounding the targets of the association. They are assigned with specific forces and opportunity, and afterward made to include themselves toward accomplishing the targets of the organization. Ducker calls attention to that inclusion towards a shared objective as an undertaking is work by evident and submitted group that uses individual’s endeavors towards a typical exertion. Their commitments may vary, however they should all point one course; accomplishing the objective of the association (Dannemiller 214). The endeavors of the workers should all be coordinated towards one heading and their commitment must meet up to create a total objective, without holes, fiction or pointless duplication of endeavors. As indicated by Peter Ducker, the chance of administrators to control their exhibition is probably the best preferred position of a MBO approach (Dannemiller 214). Restraint propels the workers, consequently making them want to do the best. This extends the vision and clears

The Personality of a God Essay Example For Students

The Personality of a God Essay The Personality of a GodIn the time of 2003 there are numerous kinds of religions that are drilled in the United States, which includes a God, or a celestial force. My own inclination of religion is Christianity. I have confidence in Jesus Christ and the all compelling God Jehovah. The qualities of a God differs from religion to religion, however all paving the way to cherish, an everlasting tranquil life, and salvation; in this way, invigorating every single individual that have confidence in them and has confidence in them. Adoring is the main trademark attribute that Jehovah has The principal book of Moses demonstrates, for he made man in his own picture and gave him domain over all the land and creatures (Bib.Gen.); in this manner, this was the primary demonstration of affection; besides, he so cherished the world that he sent his solitary generated child to spare it (Jn.3: 16). Jehovahs love outperforms any sort of affection that might be found upon the essence of the earth since his adoration is genuine. He is a forgiving God. All wrongdoings might be washed away on the off chance that you are true when you call upon him. His entryway is consistently open. He has no set hours of the day or night when you can call upon him. There are a huge number of individuals around the globe that adore Jehovah, therefore, and that's just the beginning. Jehovah is a guardian angel, for he liberated captives of all nationalities in this way, I am not a slave, however I am a relative of slaves, yet I can identify with the gestures of recognition given to God, for discharging my progenitors from their servitude, for I live in a period now where confidence in Christ encourages me to adapt to lifes hindrances, prejudice, and independent slip-ups, for his essence is consistently there with me giving solace and confirmation. Agnostic doubt in Jehovah since they have never observed him, or conversed with him. Jehovah is a God and he doesnt need to substantiate himself to them by remaining in their face just, so they can see that he exists; while, polytheism then again, are scowled up on by Jehovah, for he is a desirous God, and doesnt need his youngsters to adore anybody more than he (Ex.34: 14). The word supplier relates to Jehovah. He favors us with food, sanctuary, apparel, and time. Every day that we open our eyes is a gift since he did nt need to wake us up. He additionally gives us the opportunity of decision. We dont need to revere him, or keep his edicts, yet there is a punishment, for not doing as such. On the off chance that we should pass on and take a hike it isnt on the grounds that he needed us to, but since we decided to. Turning a passing ear to God isn't astute, for he needs to cherish us and, for us to adore him consequently, however in the event that we decided to ignore and love another it is plainly our own shortcoming if hellfire is our last stop. Jehovah offered to us a cerebrum; accordingly, we are fit for learning and thinking. God depended in us the book of scriptures and the curve of the pledge, with the goal that we straightforward people; contrasted with the God Almighty may have confidence in him and his statement. Taking everything into account, the character of Jehovah is, overpowering to the point that no other God can coordinate his tremendous measure of lovingness, benevolence, or par doning. At the point when he made man he gave the best of everything. His expectations for man were to live long and deal with the earth with his helper, however God just had one specification and that was: Not to eat from the tree of information. In any case, man settled on his decision to resist, and eat of the tree of information; which costs him his heaven (Gen.3: 6-24). Despite the fact that the Lord ousted man from heaven, he uncovered his capacity of absolution and tolerance since he despite everything cherished his creation. God accommodated man and his assistant; in spite of the fact that, it was nothing contrasted with what man once had; be that as it may, Jehovah realized that the two people couldnt make due without him similarly as we cant today. However, there are nonbelievers, freethinkers, and polytheisms whose religions are not in Jehovah, he despite everything favors them and they dont even acknowledge it. Nonbelievers, skeptics may accept their endowments are karma , or coincidental; while, polytheisms are expressing gratefulness and gestures of recognition to somebody other than Jehovah, and its dismal thing is they may not understand these blunders until they show up at their last stop, and afterward its to late. .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59 , .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59 .postImageUrl , .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59 , .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59:hover , .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59:visited , .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59:active { border:0!important; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59:active , .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59:hover { darkness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u4d2b60ab76ba32757ced08fac6477c59:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Artificial Intellegence EssayWork CitedThe King James Version. Face cloth. Elm Hill Press,1984,1977

Biology of Asthma and Allergic Disease

Science of Asthma and Allergic Disease I. Conceptual The expanding predominance of asthma and hypersensitive infections had roused different analysts to lead contemplates that will help comprehend the fundamental driver, and answers for the distinguished issue. This paper is significant in making a more extensive and more profound mindfulness and information on asthma and unfavorably susceptible ailments. The investigation of the Biology of Asthma and Allergic Diseases expects to show the connection between the expanded pervasiveness of asthma and unfavorably susceptible infections, and the cleanliness speculation. The cleanliness speculation asserts that expanding introduction to soil helps in making an insusceptible framework that helps bring down the occurrence of asthma and unfavorably susceptible infections. In such manner, gathering different investigations, assessing and making arrangements of significant confirmations, and shrewdly introducing them in this paper will help the general population from multiple point s of view. Initially, the perusers of this paper will have a superior comprehension of the science of asthma and unfavorably susceptible sicknesses and to receive potential arrangements; second, this paper will represent a test to specialists, intrigued on this subject, to lead further research studies; and third, different organizations considering this wonder may use this exploration to additionally bolster their cases. II. Presentation Asthma and unfavorably susceptible malady represent an expanding danger to people. As indicated by asthma insights, there are an expected 300 million individuals around the globe who experiences asthma, and 250,000 passings have been ascribed to the infection every year (www.aaaai.org). In the United States, there are an expected 34.1 million Americans during their lifetime, who have been determined to have the asthma infection (www.aaaai.org). What is all the more upsetting is the way that, about 70% of individuals with asthma have hypersensitivit ies too. The American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology evaluated that continuously 2025, more than 100 million individuals will have asthma. In an overview directed in the homes of Americans, it was discovered that around one quarter had dust parasites allergens in their bed, which is viewed as sufficiently high level to trigger asthma. Insights additionally demonstrated that in 2007, 29% of kids who had a sensitivity to food likewise had asthma. Truth be told, asthma was positioned as the third purpose behind the hospitalization among youngsters under 15 years of age (www.aaaai.org). This paper titled Biology of Asthma and Allergic Disease: Hygiene theory clarifies the natural premise of asthma and hypersensitive illnesses and the cleanliness speculation as its center zone of research. The specialist will likewise concentrate on giving a more profound comprehension of asthma and unfavorably susceptible ailment, as far as the ailment s structure, structure, capacity, develop ment and advancement, and conduct. Momentum looks into on the cleanliness speculation will be introduced including the investigation s point, strategies and results. Additionally, this exploration paper will clarify the worth and use of the related research discoveries to the general wellbeing. In like manner, models will be furnished to give the perusers with a comprehension of how the introduced data can be utilized in improving the general wellbeing approach, projects, and practice. III. RESEARCH The expansion instances of asthma and unfavorably susceptible malady around the globe have prompted different inquires about and investigations of its causes. The International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Children in 2003, uncovered that nations, for example, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have the most elevated commonness of asthma (Holgate, 2004). The rate pace of youngsters with asthma in these nations was recorded at 20%, route higher than the recorded asthma patien ts in Central Africa, Central and Eastern Europe and China, which was under 5% (Holgate, 2004). The report was affirmed when the European Community Respiratory Health Survey accumulated practically comparable outcomes on contrast of the predominance on grown-up asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in intercountry tests (Holgate, 2004). Despite the fact that the associated cause with the expanded asthma might be hereditary, a basic job of the ecological factors in the expanded pervasiveness of asthma and other unfavorably susceptible malady is practically sure (Jarvis and Burney, 2000).

Ethics and Law in Business and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Morals and Law in Business and Society - Essay Example In this phase of good turn of events, the people take part in activities of counter, retribution. These activities are sifted by the people as indicated by the degree of fulfillment wanted by the person. For instance, on the off chance that one scratches somebody’s skin, there should be a demonstration of reprisal. The third phase of good advancement requests the compliance from the general public on the great practices and endorsement of not connecting with into awful conduct. This phase of affirmation prompts moral advancement for which the people would be prepared to co-work with different individuals from the general public and take part in self penances. For, the people take part in giving individual kindness to others for need of social affirmation. The fourth phase of good advancement recognizes adjustment to the peace. The greater part of the people arrive at this phase in the wake of appearing due regard to the legal executive and the support of social request. For in stance, the lawfulness in the general public prompts the avoidance of wrongdoing and improves the way of equity. This impacts the correct conduct among the people of society. The fifth phase of good advancement drives the people to the way of reclamation of human rights as an implicit agreement (Gibbs 89). These are rights that the individual requests in the social states of presence. For instance, right to discourse and feeling is a human right that is presented by the general public on the people. The 6th phase of good improvement drives people to understand the significance widespread moral standards. In this stage, the individuals spread the message of fairness, good and moral qualities and the obligations of being the supporters of God. For instance, Mohandas Gandhi arrived at the 6th phase of good turn of events and spread the message of Ahimsa. Answer 1 b The model of Kohlberg can be applied to corporate culture which could prompt moral conduct of the chiefs. The supervisors could gain proficiency with the significance of the different stages and apply the information to trigger activities anticipated from the representatives through good turn of events. The feeling of discipline in the corporate culture would permit the directors to uphold pressing choice for advantages of the organization. The work culture could be comprehends relational correspondence and endorsement among the representatives. The feeling of social similarity and moral standards could be tended to by administrator to execute better set of principles in the professional workplace that is required to build up a capable work power. Answer 1 c The primary target of business isn't just to gain benefits however to win the benefits in a moral ay and play out the social obligations. Be that as it may, relativism exists in the work culture where strategies of business morals are embraced by the corporate houses. Be that as it may, in spite of the acts of business morals for building a decent picture in the general public has blemishes in the way that these acts of morals are regularly impacted by the chiefs. This has prompted the improvement of fakes and distorted figures. In this way close to home intrigue ought to be bended and hierarchical interests would should be given first significance for really consolidating business morals in the work culture. Answer 2 an As saw by Aristotle, Kant, the philosopher’s way to deal with morals may help in getting things done in the correct way. The standards of morals characterize the arrangement of activities that are

Insurance Management Project Report Essay

Issue Definition: Understanding the issue in the current framework and finding mentioned arrangement is the most significant movement while arranging the venture. Henceforth the building up another framework we should overcome issue related with the present framework. In the old framework, the client was keeping up the records like Policy Holder Details, Policy subtleties, Premium Payments, Agent Details, Company Details and bill in the paper sheets. Looking through Problem: Searching is troublesome in document. Getting to, Deleting and Adding Problems as the client needs to do it physically. The recovery of information is tedious, as the client needs to look the entire document in any event, for a solitary information. For refreshing record the client needs to look through specific record first and do the updates which are tedious which was a major issue. The information that must be erased ought to likewise be crosschecked as it would prompt missing information. Target and Scope of the venture: Our principle point of the undertaking is to get the right data about specific Policy Holder, Agents, Policy or Insurance Company and to diminish human endeavors. The client can keep up all the records about Policy Holder Details, Agent Details, Insurance Company, Policy Details, Premium Payment Details and Bill and spare it in the database. The client can likewise keep up the record of his Policy Holder. The client can undoubtedly embed and recover the record with no preparation. The looking is made simple. The client can look through the record by Date, Policy Holder name, Record number, and so on. In this we have utilized gem report for business questions according to the client’s necessity. In precious stone report the client see the data about the specific Patient. End: The â€Å"Insurance Management System† process made modernized to lessen human blunders and to build the productivity. The primary focal point of this task is to decrease human endeavors. The support of the records is made productive, as all the records are put away in the SQL database, through which information can be recovered without any problem. The route control is given in all the structures to explore through the enormous measure of records. On the off chance that the quantities of records are exceptionally huge, at that point client needs to simply type in the pursuit string and client gets the outcomes right away. The altering is likewise made easier. The client needs to simply type in the necessary field and press the update catch to refresh the ideal field.

About How Effect We Can Benefit From Online Classes - 275 Words

About How Effect We Can Benefit From Online Classes (Research Paper Sample) Content: Online Teaching MethodsStudents NameInstitutional AffiliationOnline Teaching MethodsHow can one teach effectively online? What methods must be employed in making sure it is a success? Because of the increasing need for learning and diverse geographical locations of people willing to learn, there is a need to bring them all together and satisfy their needs. With the help of the internet, one can register and learn online courses and even graduate. Online and classroom teaching doesnt differ in the medium used alone (Ragan, 2009). The delivering of information, student interactions, and learning assessment differ in an environment of virtual learning. Online education requires independence. Independence allows students to learn even when the lecturer is not around. There is also a need for the lecturer to learn to engage a more diverse learners group because online teaching attracts different kinds of students. For example, parents, working students, and other students from different regions. The use of right tools by lecturers in the right circumstances helps in addressing the differences using the increasingly sophisticated online courseware. Some content delivery and instructional methods that are used in online teaching are discussed below.Most lecturers that are new to online teaching at many times adopt an approach that is technology-first in instructional planning. This is risky as it might result in complications of the process of teaching and result in poor outcomes of learning. It is advisable to prioritize the objectives of learning before technology. What do you want the students to achieve at the end of the course? This will help you in choosing tools that will give your students the best learning, socializing and practicing opportunities, with the minimum amount of technical overhead. After identifying what one wants to teach and the methods that will be employed, they can now review the technologies available for online teaching an d choose the ones that suit what they want to achieve the best. It should be known that different courses have different structures; some require a lot of flexibility while others want to recreate a traditional environment that is more campus-GIVESbased online. These factors have to be considered when choosing instructional methods and tools (Online Education, 2018).Synchronous InstructionThis is when traditional coursework is replicated live as closely as possible by an online class. Lecturers employ online instructional tools and methods supporting real-time discussions and learning. These live sessions give the learners an opportunity to interact because of the great diversity of the students learning from different locations. Instructional methods depend on and inform when and how the delivery of the content is. A technology that could be very effective is the one that the lecturer maintains audio and video control when allowing students to ask questions and also discuss using l ive chat. Small classes could also use two-way video and audio that gives a more personal and classroom-like experience of learning. Lecturers that teach synchronous courses can combine methods of content delivery with additional technologies to help in accommodating a wider learners range. Some tools supporting real-time communication are: * Live Chats * Tools of web conferencing * Streaming video platforms * Telephone * Virtual office hoursEach of the above tools encourages live interaction and participation, but lecture videos can still be uploaded for those students who want to review them or those who miss classes. But synchronous methods rely on the above-mentioned tools.Asynchronous InstructionThese courses allow students to access materials, view lectures and collaborate with other students and teachers on a schedule of their own. The lecturer could upload the recorded lectures or use a program like Microsoft PowerPoint to create slides, and maybe include a voice over of the instructor. These delivery methods can be viewed and reviewed whenever a student needs to. They are very helpful to those who fail to attend scheduled sessions or the ones that want to learn at their own pace. They depend heavily on the technology used, and different technologies might be employed. They include: * Pre-recorded lectures that are downloadable * Discussion boards and forums * Email communications * Microsoft PowerPoint presentations (with or without a voice-over) * Google drive * Off-hour support tools, for example, virtual tutoring and resource centersEach of the delivery formats above helps a lecturer overcome different teaching challenges, though few programs use just a single teaching approach. Both lecturers and students benefit from knowing how different methods of teaching work online and under what circumstances.Online Courses Instructional StrategiesOnline teaching programs have been designed to pass similar skills and knowledge as the programs that are campu s-based; this makes the lecturers to mostly adapt similar instructional methods. The method used to deliver the course is in some cases the only difference, while in others, technology enriches and changes fundamentally the experience of learning. Some of these are: * Lecture this is maybe the most prevalent strategy used in campuses and online. The online lecturers transmit information just as they would in a classroom, using lectures to also spark the interests of the students and promoting comprehension. LMSes (learning management systems) permit lecturers to record and/or deliver lectures. They place the learners in a passive role and they could be more beneficial when conjunctionally used with other active instructional strategies. * Discussion it can be combined with lectures or separately. It supports active learning for students as they are engaged in the process of learning. They can ask questions and also share their opinions during the discussions. When done online, it helps even those students who do not have the confidence of expressing themselves freely in a course setting that is of a traditional setting to freely express themselves. In asynchronous courses, the enrolled students communicate with instructors and peers using social media tools, web forums, and boards. In synchronous classes, the instructors discuss the course materials and ask questions through the use of web-conferencing tools and real time-chats. * Demonstrations this is just as prevalent in online courses as in traditional ones. They are crucial when conveying some processes and concepts. It has been enhanced in a big way by the virtual learning environment. A recorded video demonstration is uploaded learning management systems either asynchronously or synchronously. The videos can be accessed by the students whenever they need to in order to master the lessons. * Simulations they are delivered in a realistic environment and permit the students to test practical knowledge and skills remotely. They are used in preparing online learners for fieldwork that was earlier done in a face to face setting. They reinforce key concepts and allow students to in exploring them in the context of a real world. * Case Studies this method places students in ...

The Best Research Paper Topics For Students

There is no universally recognized list of the top 100 research paper topics for students. Neither schools nor state education boards have that. Issues gather steam and fizzle out in unpredictable fashion; some remain non-issues at all, while some are centuries-old subjects of debate. The truth remains that people, cultural shifts, and world events are the exclusive determinants of such. Therefore, it must be noted that the following top 100 research paper topics owe their inclusion in the list to current relevance and extent of impact on society.Business: the best research paper topicsLabor. US companies that relocate factories to Third World Nations hardly pay employees enough to subsist on. Is slave wage purely unethical or should the otherwise unemployed and destitute workers be thankful for the employment opportunity?Employee fitness.Should companies encourage employees to exercise regularly?Mining.What are the differences between Canadian safety measures and US safety measures? Oil.Is it practical to pay $4 a gallon? Do oil companies need to change this?Wage.The minimum wage is mandated by law. But what about the maximum wage? Should there be a limit?Wage gap. For every $1 that a man earns, a woman only receives $0.75. Should the wage gap issuebe addressed?Workaholic Americans. Americans, apparently, are hardworking. Is it time to reduce the 40-hour week? Should there be a limit to the number of working hours for the sake of work-life balance? Do Americans deserve more time for relaxation?Education: the best research paper topicsHigh school. Should shoe companies provide free athletic equipment to high school athletes and those on athletic scholarships?Censorship. Should parents and educators ban inappropriate literature in schools? What about the case of American classics that were once banned (The Catcher in the Rye, To Kill a Mockingbird, Of Mice and Men).College sports. Should college athletes be given salary?Information preservation. Caught in the Inf ormation Age, is society losing significant historical information?Examinations. Should the US adopt Finlands education system to elevate the performance of its students?Flag. In the face of the rise of nationalism and the alt-right, is the Pledge of Allegiance still necessary in schools?Gap year. Should the United States follow the UKs practice of the gap year?Grades. Why do so many American students get As compared to their European counterparts? Yet, the US lag miserably behind in education quality rankingsNo Child Left Behind. Is it still working?School Lunches. Should state education boards control the food served in school cafeterias?School Uniforms. Is the myth school with uniforms perform better debunked? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of school uniforms?Same-sex schools. Should same-sex schools be abolished?Environment: the best research paper topicsClimate change. Is there 100% truth to global warming? Or is the scientific community simply exaggerating it?Coal. S hould the government implement more rigid environmental regulations on coal than other fuels?DDT. Should DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) be used again in view of the bed bug epidemic across the United States?Wind energy. Is complete reliance on wind energy possible in the foreseeable future?Government policy: the best research paper topicsAirport security. Are there other better and less intrusive alternatives to frisking/pat-downs to ensure safety in airports?Al-Qaeda. Is Islamic terrorism already contained? Or has US foreign policy made it worse? How will it end?Arming pilots and flight crew. Is this possible? What are the potential repercussions?Bridges and roads. How is America doing with respect to infrastructure?Healthcare crisis. First world nations have much better healthcare coverage than the United States. Why is this?Homeland Security. Are the nations streets safer since its inception?Immigration crisis. Should the US relax its policy on naturalization?Internet. Sho uld the federal government push Internet service providers for unconditional net neutrality?Iraq War. What is the future of the US-led intervention in Iraq?Iraq War veterans. Are Iraq War veterans deprived of their rightful benefits?Lead poisoning. Should Chinese-made toys be subject to even more thorough inspections?Marijuana. Should the federal government legalize recreational and medical use of marijuana altogether? What are the statistics?Military. Mandatory military conscription, anyone? Who should be exempt?Obesity. Should the healthcare structure of obese people be different from those who are not?Privacy. Should the US government reconsider its stance on wiretapping?School lunches. Should education boards be in charge of food served in school cafeterias?Sex offenders. After prison, are there laws that stipulate where they should reside and work?Smoking. Should the federal government tighten laws against smoking?Health: the best research paper topicsFast food. Are fast food c hains the only one to blame for childhood obesity? Or does parenting play a huge part?Employee fitness. Should companies encourage employees to exercise? If yes, should employees be permitted to exercise while working?Food. What are the hazards present in processed food?Healthcare crisis. First world nations have much better healthcare coverage than the United States. Why is this?Lead poisoning. Should Chinese-made toys be subject to even more thorough inspections?Mothers. How should the federal government react to recent regressions in Roe vs. Wade?Models. In view of eating disorders, should models have a minimum weight limit?Noise pollution: What is the truth?Obesity. Should the healthcare structure of obese people be different from those who are not?Prescription medicines. Should the federal government maintain a database on who buys which medicines? Or should states be in control?School lunches. Should the federal government involve itself in making school cafeteria food healthi er?Smoking. Should states follow Californias lead in smoking ban in bars?Social media. Does excessive social media use contribute to the intellectual decline of the youth?Steroids. Should steroids be legalized in sports?Vaccines. What should be done to parents who refuse to have their children vaccinated?Human Behaviour: the best research paper topicsNonverbal communication. What are the main differences between men and women in their use of body language (in the workplace, relationships, and social settings)?Road rage. Is road rage a purely male issue?Social anxiety. How is social anxiety different from shyness? What are the remedies?Suicide bombers. Is there a correlation between Islamism and suicide bombers?Terrorism. Is secularism the cure to fanatical tendencies?Legal Issues: the best research paper topicsAircraft accidents. Who should be blamed? What and how much should families of victims receive?Bullying. Should federal and state government intervene to enact laws to prevent bullying?Civil disobedience. Is civil disobedience in pursuit of a noble cause justifiable?Civil unions. Do civil couples really enjoy the same benefits/rights as married couples do?Confederacy. Should former Confederate states abolish traces of the Confederacy?Infidelity. Should cheaters be fully prosecuted? Or is it a law that is simply ignored?Juvenile offenders. Under which circumstances should minors be tried as adults?Organ sale. Should the sale of human organized be legalized?Parents. Should parents be held accountable for their childrens misdemeanour?Sex offenders. After prison, are there laws that stipulate where they should reside and work?Statutory rape. Are statutory rape laws lenient to females and harsh to males? What has the Genarlow Wilson case taught the country?Media and freedom of speech: the best research paper topicsAdvertising. Should certain advertisements be banned to safeguard religion (e.g. cigarettes, alcohol, prescription medicine, etc.)?Art. When does a rt stop being art?Censorship. Should parents and educators ban inappropriate literature in schools? What about the case of American classics that were once banned (The Catcher in the Rye, To Kill a Mockingbird, Of Mice and Men)?Church arson. Should church arson qualify as a hate crime?Flag. In the face of the rise of nationalism and the alt-right, is the Pledge of Allegiance still necessary in schools?Journalism. Should journalists be forced to divulge their sources of information?Media. Do all media observe fairness in reporting? When is it reporting news and when is it creating news?Paparazzi. Should paparazzi activity be regulated to protect famous figures?Pornography. Do parental filters really work? Or does censorship only rouse the curiosity of children?Public figures. Should the personal life of public figures be made available to the public?Race. Institutional racism, what needs to be done about it?Trump. Is Donald Trump a threat to freedom of the press?Religion: the best re search paper topicsIrreligion. Why are atheist nations much more peaceful?Religion. In the face of secularism and globalization, what is the future of religious belief?Sexual Abuse. What is the future of priesthood amidst the volume of sexual abuse allegations?United States. Should fundamentalist Christian churches preaching anti-LGBTQ+ messages be considered hate groups?Social Issues: the best research paper topicsAbortion. Is Roe vs. Wade under threat?Alcohol. Should the federal government reconsider lowering the drinking age to 18?Animal rights. Should trophy hunting be outlawed?Beauty contests. Do they objectify women?LGBTQ+. What is the future of the LGBTQ+ community in the Bible Belt?Cybercrimes. What are the latest identity theft modi operandi?Family. What are the latest divorce rate statistics in the United States?Feminism. How do Generation Z youth view feminism?Generations. How can Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials work together harmoniously?Internet and the yout h. Are children today more well-informed because of Internet access?Literacy. What is true meaning of literacy in the United States?Muslims. Has Islamophobia brought forth by 9/11subsided?Privacy. What medical information should be made confidential? Who must have full access to medical records?Sex offenders. After prison, are there laws that stipulate where they should live and work?Spanking. Should states enact laws prohibiting spanking of children?Sports. In view of genetics, should transsexuals participate in sports?Statutory rape. Are statutory rape laws lenient to females and harsh to males? What has the Genarlow Wilson case taught the country?Title IX. Has it improved womens sports?Toys. Is there a correlation between certain childrens toys and emotional intelligence?Wage gap. For every $1 that a man earns, a woman only receives $0.75. Should the wage gap issue be addressed?Working moms. Does society still discriminate against working moms?World: the best research paper topic sDecommunization. Is decommunization in the Ukraine worth the effort?Holocaust. Is it fair to jail Holocaustdeniers and neo-Nazis? Middle East. Can conflict in the Middle East solved soon?Right-wing. What can be done to curb the spread of right-wing populism?Ghostwriting services for college studentsWhile it is unarguable that there are other issues from which topics can be derived, an exhaustive list, in the strictest sense, is physically impossible, and hence, only the 100 best research paper topics for students are covered. The best research paper topics for students center on issues that are currently affecting society as whole, deeply etched in the collective consciousness of the people, whose opinions greatly vary. Correspondingly, these 100 best research paper topics are also rife in discourse and literature, from which a wealth of insights can be studied, and from which plenty new can be deduced. These are especially beneficial if you are tasked with writing a research paper , or even short essays. These 100 best research paper topics for students are certainly capable of enhancing the writing, argumentative, and researching skills of students.Recognizing the academic stress to which students of all levels are ceaselessly prone to, the expert writers at are ready to answer the call by way of custom written papers, should you decide to seekhelp. 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Local Hospital Review - 1053 Words

Johnnese M. Jones Local Hospital Reviews MHA 5026 (u02a1) Dr. Beauvais October 20, 2013 Baylor Scott amp; White Health (Dallas, TX and Temple, TX) Scott and White Hospital was founded in 1904 by Dr. Scott and Dr. White and was named Temple Sanitarium. By 1922, Dr. White had passed away and the conversion of the hospital was changed to Scott amp; White Memorial Hospital. It has been comprised of the mission towards delivering an affordable, high quality of healthcare services to all the patients that walk through the doors of Scott and White. Recently, on September 30, 2013, the hospital merged with Baylor Health Care System in Dallas, TX to increase the spectrum of Healthcare in North and Central Texas. It consists of 43†¦show more content†¦In Central Texas there are two medical centers in Temple and Waco along with four outpatient clinics in Brownwood, Bryan/College Station, Cedar Park, and Palestine (CentalTexasVA, 2013). The VA also has affiliations with Texas Aamp;M College of Medicine and University of Texas Southwestern Seton Healthcare Network for residents programs for over 1,500 trainees per year medica l students. ï‚ · Type of organization. Organization that is accredited by the Joint Commission Inpatient Clinics for rehabilitation and psychiatric Four Community Based Outpatient Clinics ï‚ · Tax status, for example, For Profit (FP) or Not for Profit (NFP). Does not state (Federal/Government Organization) ï‚ · Key executive leaders: 1. Sallie Houser-Hadfelder, Director 2. William F. Harper, MD, FACP, Chief of Staff 3. Russell E. Lloyd, Associate Director of Resources 4. Karen Spada MSN, MPH, MHA, FNP Associate Director for Patient and Nursing Service 5. Douglas R. Young, Assistant Director for Operations, Waco 6. Andrew Garcia, MHA Associate Director for Operations, Temple ï‚ · Key Web sites: http://www.centraltexas.va.gov/about/index.asp ï‚ · Basic marketShow MoreRelatedThe Department of Veterans Affairs Nsqip1336 Words   |  6 Pagessurgery of each medical center, comparing local outcomes with those of other (anonymous) VA hospitals and to the performance of all VA hospitals combined. †¢ An annual performance evaluation by an executive committee that communicates praise or concerns about high- and low-performing centers. †¢ The provision of self-assessment tools for use by local centers to improve care. †¢ Structured site visits by a team of experts, when requested by local centers, to evaluate potential problems andRead MoreCare Review of Baby Peter879 Words   |  4 PagesSerious Care Review of Baby Peter: Baby Peter was admitted at the North Middlesex University Hospital on 3rd August 2007 after his mother called for an ambulance to her home address. Peter was admitted as an apparently lifeless body and was pronounced death after 40 minutes in the hospital despite of attempts by both the ambulance and hospital staff to revitalize him. Based on the initial examination of Peters body, the baby had several marks to his head, bruises in the body, a torn frenum, andRead MoreHospital Management System Chapter 11013 Words   |  5 Pagescertain amount of time. Great amount of time is being consumed by information storage, retrieval and the billing process of most local hospitals and clinics. To be able to provide the medical needs of the rapidly growing population, local hospitals must be flexible to the current trends and innovation in today s changes in technology. One of the concerns of local hospitals nowadays is how to reduce the number of paper works in having a transaction with the patient that could fasten the process ofRead MoreOnline Upload743 Words   |  3 PagesHealth Care Insurance The hospital honors major third-party coverage such as Medicare, Medicaid, Workers Compensation and other public assistance. Your third-party coverage may require prior approval of your hospitalization. Failure to obtain prior approval may result in reduced benefits requiring additional uninsured or personal charges. The admitting office can assist you in obtaining prior approval for your hospitalization. We accept commercial insurance and we participate in most managed careRead MoreSt. Marys Hospital Case Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesSt. Mary’s Hospital Case Solution 1) Upon the story presented, necessary actions should be taken to overcome the hospital’s problems. St. Mary’s Hospital last year’s numbers showed the necessity of such actions. For the first time, since the hospital started operating, they presented deficit on its revenue. St. Mary’s hospital had some major problems in a few departments. During the last few years, the occupancy, or the number of patients in the hospital, has been declining. Such problem is explainedRead MoreAn Investigation At Winterbourne View Hospital843 Words   |  4 Pagesled to changes in the way care is delivered. These include inquiries at Winterbourne View hospital, Mid-Staffordshire hospital(Mid staffs) and Harold shipman to name a few. At Winterbourne View Hospital, an undercover investigation for the BBC panorama revealed practices that amounted to criminal abuse by staff towards patients. A serious case review set up by the government in collaboration with the CQC, Local NHS and Police found that patients were subjected too many incidences of Physical restraintRead MoreWe Call This A Community Health Needs Assessment ( Chna )1705 Words   |  7 Pagesare already being addressed, and determine any barriers (Reed Fleming, 2014). For LHD facilities to received accreditation, state laws require CHNAs to be conducted while federal laws require for federally qualified health centers and nonprofit hospitals to conduct CHNAs (Alfano-Sobsey, Ledford, Decosimo, Horney, 2014). Often times, facilities will go beyond their walls and collaborate with other facilities to address the health needs of the community. This will also enable them to establish additionalRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act Of 2010 Essay917 Words   |  4 Pagesthe quality of care (Kennedy, Wetzel Wright, 2013). Hospitals may experience a decrease in revenue initially, however, it is theorized that the increase of transparency and accountability will serve as an incentive for improvements in the overall quality of care provided in the United States. Reimbursement under VBP involves both clinical and patient satisfaction targets. In order to measure the patient satisfaction aspect, the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and SystemsRead MoreEssay on NTC362 Week 2 INDP part 1703 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Integrative Network Design Project, Part 1 NTC/362 Patton Fuller Hospital Patton Fuller is a community hospital that has been proudly serving the community since 1975. Patience care is number one, and they thrive to ensure each of their patients experience is as pleasant as possible. Hospitals are under enormous pressure to treat patients in the most effective and efficient way. 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Medea Discuss the Role of the Chorus Essay - 1210 Words

Discuss the importance of the role that the Chorus plays in Euripedes Medea. br brThe Chorus is very much an important part of Euripedes Medea, and indeed many other works written in the ancient Greek style. In this play, it follows the journey Medea makes, and not only narrates, but commentates on what is happening. Euripedes uses the Chorus as a literary device to raise certain issues, and to influence where the sympathies of the audience lie. br brIn the list of characters at the beginning of the play, the Chorus is stated to be a chorus of Corinthian Women. This draws the first link between them and Medea. The Chorus follows Medea on her journey through this play. They act as narrators on important occurrences in the play;†¦show more content†¦When Medea married Jason, she married herself to him for life. She was expected to be totally obedient and to accept whatever her husband willed. For her to look upon another man other than her husband would have been totally unacceptable. Whereas Jason marries another woman while he is still married, and then it is Medea who is banished from Corinth. However, the audiences response to this type of situation would most likely have been different in Euripedes time, to today. Obviously one cant know this for sure, but one can deduce it from what we know of that era. Although some wouldnt have condoned Jasons actions, many would have seen it as normal because it would have been a much more common occurrence then than today. Nonetheless, in presenting these sort of issues in a moralistic play to the audience of the day was a brave and controversial thing to do. Obviously, the views on the these issues have come along way since the time when this play was written, so todays audience adapts the messages in this play to their own morality. The treatment of women, and of Medea, and the circumstances that Medea is faced with, help the audience to, not condone, but understand the reasons for Medeas actions at the end of the play. br brThe opinion of the audience on characters other than Medea is also influenced by the Chorus. After the audience hears what Jason has done to Medea in the way of marrying anotherShow MoreRelatedHow Powerful Women Reinforce The Feminine Supremacy Of Medea1540 Words   |  7 PagesHow powerful woman reinforce the masculine supremacy in Medea Medea, is Greek tragedy written by Euripides in 431 BCE, based upon the unhappy love story of Jason and Medea. The plot focuses on the actions of one powerful woman, Medea, the wife of Jason; she finds life difficult after Jason betrays and leaves her for a Greek princess of Corinth. Hence, Medea takes vengeance on Jason by acting like a â€Å"barbarian† and killing Jason’s new wife as well as her own children with him, after which she findsRead MoreAnalysis Of Medea And All My Sons 1974 Words   |  8 PagesI am the classic play written by Euripides, Medea by Euripides constructed in 431 B.C. and All My Sons written by Arthur Miller in 1947. The propose of this paper is to analyze the classical work of Medea and the contemporary work, All My Sons, for their particular storytelling components, themes and the assessment and narrative choices that the authors utilized as it connects to the literary convention of their time period. In addition, I will discuss the liken esses and differences of these twoRead MoreHow Modern Versions Of Medea ( Euripides ) And Antigone ( Sophocles )1246 Words   |  5 Pagesthat have stood the test of time, nevertheless concepts and ideologies present in traditional Greek theatre have become outdated. Strict gender roles were ever-present in society and a person was judged in relation to his or her compliance with these standards. Ancient Greek theatre hosts many misogynistic examples of the conformity to the gender roles of the time as well as the consequences of rebelling against the gender protocol. Women were to remain invisible, obedient and subordinate and toRead MoreComparison of Medea by Euripides, Jean Anouilh and Wesley Enouch2675 Words   |  11 PagesMedea Comparison The Medea is a classic tragedy with its historical, cultural and social origins firmly in Ancient Greece. Since originally being written by Euripides, the play has been rewritten and reinterpreted by many different playwrights and directors throughout history. Each time the Meda has been re-imagined, it takes on different meaning, born from the context of the playwright and the message they wish to convey through this powerful play. 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At least half of this population was female, yet women seem to have had very little influence and few official civic rights. `The position of women...is a subject which has provoked much controversy. (Lacey: 1968, 151). Studies concerning theRead MoreGender And Its Effects On The Media Essay2486 Words   |  10 Pages‘The nuclear family’ and how that was considered ‘the norm’, the effects of not fitting into this category and how some genders upset this category. Then my focus will be how people’s lives are shaped when they don’t conform to the typical gender roles and how the media has impacted them. My final point will be to reflect on the changes were seeing in the media that are tackling these issues and furthering our understanding of genders. Patriarchal point of view In my research I explored the influences

Luxury And The Privacy At A Self Catering Lodging

Whether or not you are an independent-minded traveler, you will surely love the luxury and the privacy at a self-catering lodging. Unlike hotel accommodation choices, you will have the freedom to check-in and checkout at your convenience and preference. Plus, the opulent property will give you a relaxing setting for your rejuvenation, inspiring touring opportunities and quick access to nearby attractions. Villas definitely stand atop the list of a self-catering lodging choice. However, it always depends on what you expect from your holiday accommodation based on your needs and budget. In this article, you will find a brief comparison of both the lodging options and the value of each. Hotel holidays: There are close to endless choices of hotels, including both budget and high-end ones at each destination worldwide. That means finding one for your holiday lodging will never be a hassle. This is one of the few reasons why people choose a hotel for their holiday stay. Another plus point is that hotels offer many services without any extra cost. You can get your room cleaned, launder your clothes, and order room service. Plus, the on-site restaurants offer enticing menu choices so that each guest can enjoy some hearty meals during their stay. If your idea of a perfect vacation sounds like this, then a hotel stay might be the best option for you. But in the other hand, hotel rooms can be very limiting and expensive. For a spacious opulent suite, you will end up paying a lot.Show MoreRelatedSunset Boulevard Essay1932 Words   |  8 Pagescompartmentalization that allows the downtrodden to hope and carry on. Sunset Boulevard carefully considers the intricate honeycombs of dishonesty an d deception that constitute a human life, then dissolves the barriers and watches the emotions, lies, and self-contradictions slurry together and react in often volatile and destructive ways. The complex web of half-truths and false impressions that give the diegesis of Sunset Boulevard its convolution manifests in the visual imagery and physical attributesRead MoreHotel Organisation7416 Words   |  30 PagesThese individuals arrange for hotel accommodations through such means as direct telephone lines; hotel sales representatives; travel agencies; property-to-property networks; postal delivery; telex and fax; and other communications services. Every lodging property has its own way of monitoring and managing its reservations function. The reservations department is responsible for receiving and processing reservation requests for future overnight accommodations. Although procedures may differ from hotelRead MorePurpose of Evaluating Customer Service Policies26269 Words   |  106 Pagesfollowing diagram shows the relationship between the hospitality and tourism industry. Can you think of more services with examples to add to the diagram? Hospitality Industry Tourism Industry Hospitality Institutional/ Welfare Catering e.g. Hospital Catering Commercial Accommodation Services e.g. Hotels, Guest Houses Transportation services e.g. Car Rental, Airlines In Activity 4 we learned the hospitality industry is a part of a wider group of economic activities called tourismRead MorePurpose of Evaluating Customer Service Policies26276 Words   |  106 PagesThe following diagram shows the relationship between the hospitality and tourism industry. Can you think of more services with examples to add to the diagram? Hospitality Industry Tourism Industry Hospitality Institutional/ Welfare Catering e.g. Hospital Catering Commercial Accommodation Services e.g. Hotels, Guest Houses Transportation services e.g. Car Rental, Airlines In Activity 4 we learned the hospitality industry is a part of a wider group of economic activities called tourism. In additionRead MoreA Business Plan for and Adventure Recreation Company9286 Words   |  38 Pagessensitivity to price.UAE will price its services at the top of the market. We will provide a luxury service with prestige value. Our prices will be out of reach for the majority of adventure travelers. Service will be priced based upon luxury competitor prices and the value added of our offering. Providers that offer  luxury services similar to ours do so at similar prices. We are competitively priced in the luxury market. Because we appeal to  a smaller market, volume will be limited. However, we willRead MoreChanel Handbags, Target, and Salvation Army Swot Analysis13115 Words   |  53 Pagesdepth research about this product. There are hundreds of handbags being offered to luxury brand consumers each season, but to most women options are necessary and even recommended. Also, these women are constantly changing their bags especially with different seasons; and handbag retailers like Chanel, Gucci, and Celine offer these products, which always seem to be more versatile and improved. Each season luxury brand, Chanel redesigns and innovates new styles in which they advertise them with tastefulRead MoreProfiles of a Spa Customer6542 Words   |  27 Pages(English.Chosun, 2007). These days spas come a dime a dozen, and massage parlors are as prolific as muscle aches. If before getting a spa treatment was a luxury only few could afford, the times have changed to adapt to the indulgent desires of an evolving status quo. Today spa treatments come in a range of prices, the spas themselves catering to particular markets. There is bound to be one in your neighborhood, just as likely as there is one off-shore in some fancy beach resort. Student prices nowRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesBuffett. How did they do it? 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Access the following teaching and learning resources: Resources for students †¢ A dynamic eText of the book which you can search, bookmark, annotate and highlight as you please †¢ Self-assessment questions that identify your strengths before recommending a personalised study plan that points you to the resources which can help you achieve a better grade †¢ Key concept audio summaries that you can download or listen to online †¢ Video

Conflict Resolution - 1281 Words

Introduction Everyone faces conflict in their lives on a daily basis. It is an accepted and expected part of life. Conflict is not a problem in itself - it is what we do with it that counts. You cant avoid conflict in your life, at home, at work, and even at play. Wherever people interact, there is a potential for conflict. That is not bad news because good things can arise, and relationships can improve through conflict, provided conflict is managed with thought and attention. The bad news is that most of us are fairly limited in how we manage and resolve conflict situations, often throwing gasoline on the fire. It doesnt have to be that way. Objectives At the end of the report, the graduate students will be able to: 1.†¦show more content†¦Competition 7. Tension 8. Violence 9. Destruction 10. Pain 11. War Potential Productive Outcomes of Conflict: 1. Clarifying 2. Learning 3. Stimulating 4. Intimate 5. Courageous 6. Strengthening 7. Creative 8. Helpful 9. Enriching 10. Caring 11. Opportunity 12. Inclusive 13. Managing conflict constructively depends in large measure on clear, open, and honest communication Conflict Resolution Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict. Often, committed group members attempt to resolve group conflicts by actively communicating information about their conflicting motives or ideologies to the rest of the group. Nature of Conflict Through the integration of participants perspectives, interests, belief systems and values, conflict and conflict resolution play important roles in individual and social evolution and development. Conflict arises when one or more participants view the current system as not working. At least one party is sufficiently dissatisfied with the status quo that they are willing to own the conflict and speak up with the hope of being able to influence the situation to arrive at an improved condition. Conflict may be viewed as a process we put ourselves through to achieve a new condition and self-definition. Through conflict we have opportunities to be creatively self-defining. If nothing else,Show MoreRelated Conflict Resolution Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pages Major conflict that is not dealt with can devastate a team or organization (Make Conflict Work, 2008). In some situations, conflict can be more constructive than destructive. Recognizing the difference between conflict that is constructive to the team and conflict that is destructive to the team is important. Trying to prevent the conflict is not always the best way to manage conflict when working within a team setting. Understanding conflict, what causes it, and how to resolve conflict effectivelyRead MoreConflict Resolution : Conflicts Resolution988 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to conflict resolution there are several ways to handle this. There’ve been several times that I’ve had to deal with conflict resolution. Conflict resolution also has several tips that you can learn to be able to handle a conflict. A conflict resolution can be handled in a positive way or a negative way. What is conflict resolution? In Community Tool Box it states â€Å"Conflict resolution is a way for two or more parties to find a peaceful solution to a disagreement among them. The disagreementRead More Conflict Resolution Essay614 Words   |  3 Pages Conflict Resolution nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What does conflict resolution mean to me? Conflict resolution is when an impartial or neutral person puts a plan into action to resolve and settle issues within an organization or a team. In the business world today a great amount of focus is being placed on employees working as team unit to increase new ideas, distribute more job responsibilities among a larger group, and most important create a unified front and camaraderie. Along with advantagesRead More Conflict Resolution Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional to personal, they are all prone to encountering some form of conflict. John Dewey has designed a problem solving sequence with 6 (six) steps, listed and explained below, to facilitate resolution of these conflicts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since the way one deals with conflict within the relationship will affect how the relationship progresses, it is vital that one posse all the necessary skills to resolve conflict in a way that brings satisfaction to everyone involved. Dewey’s stepsRead MoreThe Family Mediation And Conflict Resolution Process4320 Words   |  18 Pagesmediation and conflict resolution process and techniques. The student endeavored on an educational journey to study mediation within the context of families as a means of resolving conflicts without resort to adversarial means such as litigation. Focus and attention was given to family dynamics, child development, the Texas Family Code, family violence, and facilitating of communication and dispute resolution. The components and benefits of family mediation and conflict resolution were introducedRead MoreConflict Resolution934 Words   |  4 Pagesto them she has licence and authority to watch them as she is their supervisor and they have to obey her commands. This statmemt of her escalted the whole issue and continued for a long time. This situation turned in to a big arguments and conflict that it had a great imapct on the productivity of work. There was a big loss of components as they were not able to process in a timely manner. Next day the staff meeting was called on by Manager and all the night staff were called to attendRead MoreConflict Resolution Strategies Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesConflict Resolution Strategies Conflict has long been viewed as negative, and is usually associated with things as trivial as an argument to something as extreme as war, and is seldom seen as beneficial. In the team environment however, conflict can be very beneficial if recognized early and managed properly and can enhance team performance as well as relationships between team members. Conflict is inevitable as humans interact, because not everyone shares the same beliefs, values, opinions, levelRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And Conflict Resolution1439 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch resources that helped me understand my interpersonal communication topic, Conflict Management, and how theories, relevant skills and strategies can play a big role throughout the resolution and frequency of conflict among my peers. Personality Types and Development of Adolescents’ Conflict with Friends This study aimed to examine the developmental pattern of adolescents’ conflict frequency and conflict resolution with their best friends, and differences in these developmental changes betweenRead MoreThird Party Conflict Resolution2113 Words   |  9 PagesThird Party Conflict Resolution MGT/445 Organizational Negotiations March 11, 2013 | | | | Third Party Conflict Resolution Read MoreConflict Resolution2221 Words   |  9 Pages| | |Lesson 3 | |Win-Win Conflict Resolution | |Introduction | |In Lesson 3 you will learn another communication skill that in conjunction with Empathic Listening and

Pakistans Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management free essay sample

Pakistan Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management Pakistan Discussion Draft, December 2006  © 2006 Asian Development Bank and the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center. All rights reserved. Published 2006 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Printed in the Philippines. ADB facilitated this study through its Regional Technical Assistance 6291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The Study was led by the CAI-Asia Secretariat and the information contained in this report was developed by the CAI-Asia Secretariat with inputs by a range of organizations and air quality experts from across Asia and elsewhere. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or its Board of Governors or the Governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in the publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The term â€Å"country† does not imply any judgment by ADB to the legal or other status of any territorial entity. Table of Contents Tables and Figures Abbreviations Acknowledgments General Information Geography and Climate Population and Urbanization Economy and Industry Energy Transportation Sources of Air Pollution Status of Air Quality (State) Air Quality Monitoring System Air Quality Data Impacts of Air Pollution Air Quality Management Legal Basis and Mandate Ambient Air Quality Standards Management of Mobile Sources Management of Stationary Sources Management of Area Sources and Dust Public/Nongovernment Participation Conclusion References v v vi 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 8 9 9 11 12 13 13 13 15 16 Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 3. 1 3. 2 4. 1 5. 1 5. 2 Hourly Average Ambient Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Pakistani Cities in 2000 Climatic Conditions for the Four Cycles Annual Costs of Health Impacts of Ambient Particulate Air Pollution (Billion Rs) Proposed Measures to Address Air Pollution in Pakistan in PCAP SO2 Ambient Air Quality Standards for Oil and Coal Power Plants and Corresponding Emissions Limi ts 5 6 8 10 1 Figures 1. 1 1. 2 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 Primary Energy Supplies in Pakistan by Source, 2004–2005 Number of Registered Motor Vehicles in Pakistan 48-hour Mean of PM10 in Major Pakistani Cities 48-hour Mean of SO2 in Major Pakistani Cities NOx Levels in Major Pakistani Cities Ambient Levels of Nitrogen Dioxide in Di? erent Cities in Pakistan O3 Levels in Major Pakistani Cities 2 3 6 6 6 7 7 Box 5. 1 Lahore’s Initiatives to Improve Air Quality 11 Abbreviations ?g/m3 ADB AQ AQM Btu CAI–Asia CDG CNG CO CO2 ENERCON EPA FERTS GDP GEF IAEA IM JICA km km2 ktoe LPG MoE NEAP NGO NO2 NOx micrograms per cubic meter Asian Development Bank air quality air quality management British thermal unit Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities City District Governments compressed natural gas Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide National Energy Conservation Centre Environmental Protection Agency Fuel E? iency in Road Transport Sector gross domestic product Global Environment Facility International Atomic Energy Agency inspection and maintenance Japan International Cooperation Agency kilometer square kilometer kilotons of oil equivalent lique? ed petroleum gas Ministry of Environment National Environmental Action Plan nongovernment organization Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen oxide/s NWFP O3 PAH PCAP PEPC PM PM10 PM2. 5 ppb ppm RON SO2 SOx SPM SUPARCO toe TSP UNDP UNEP USEPA VOC North–West Frontier Province Ozone olyaromatic hydrocarbons Pakistan Cl ean Air Programme Pakistan Environment Protection Council particulate matter particulate matter with a diameter not more than 10 microns particulate matter with a diameter not more than 2. 5 microns parts per billion parts per million Research Octane Number Sulfur dioxide Sulfur oxide/s Suspended Particulate Matter Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission tons of oil equivalent total suspended particulates United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United States Environmental Protection Agency volatile organic compounds Note: â€Å"$† means â€Å"US dollar† in this publication. Acknowledgments This series of country reports is the ? rst time that a comprehensive overview of urban air quality management (AQM) at the country level has been prepared in Asia. Research compilation for this country synthesis report (CSR) on Urban Air Quality Management was led by the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI–Asia) Secretariat, with inputs by a range of organizations and air quality experts from across Asia and elsewhere and facilitated by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through its Regional Technical Assistance No. 291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The primary authors of the reports are Ms. Aurora Fe Ables, Ms. May Ajero, Mr. Herbert Fabian, and Ms. Ninette Ramirez, all from CAI–Asia, under the supervision of Mr. Cornie Huizenga, Head of Secretariat, CAI–Asia. The CSRs were prepared with assistance from volunteer authors from the di? erent countries and facilitated by CAI–Asia local networks in Nepal (Clean Air Network–Nepal), Pakistan (Pakistan Clean Air Network), Philippines (Partnership for Clean Air [PCA]), the People’s Republic of China (PRC) (CAI–Asia Project O? e), Sri Lanka (Clean Air Sri Lanka), and Viet Nam (Viet Nam Clean Air Partnership). CAI–Asia local networks have also organized in the respective countries a development partners meeting on clean air where initial drafts of the CSRs were presented to local AQM stakeholders. For the Pakistan Country Synthesis Report, CAI–Asia extends its sincerest thanks to Director Zia Ul Islam of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency for reviewing the report and providing additional information. Mr. Mohammad Aqib, Coordinator of the Pakistan Clean Air Network; Mr. Ahmad Saeed of the World Conservation Union (IUCN); and Mr. Hassaan Ghazali, Research Analyst, Urban Unit of the Government of Punjab, have been instrumental in coming up with a ? rst draft of the report and for providing additional information. CAI–Asia would like to thank ADB for facilitating the research, and especially to Mr. Masami Tsuji, Senior Environment Specialist; Dr. David McCauley, Senior Environmental Economist; and Mr. Nessim Ahmad, Director—all from the Environment and Social Safeguard Division, Regional and Sustainable Development Department—for providing guidance. Ms. Glynda Bathan, Mr. Michael Co, Ms. Agatha Diaz, and Ms. Gianina Panopio of CAI–Asia are also acknowledged for their logistical and technical support for the CSR team. CAI–Asia and the respective country Ministries of Environments reviewed the volume—with technical review inputs from Prof. Frank Murray of Murdoch University. Ms. Agnes Adre and Ms. Ma. Theresa Castillo copyedited this series of country reports. Mr. Segundo dela Cruz, Jr. handled the graphic design and the layout.  » Part One General Information Geography and Climate Pakistan is divided into four major provinces that generally correspond to the major geographical formations in the country: the North–West Frontier Province (NWFP) in the highlands up north bordering Afghanistan and the People’s Republic of China; the Balochistan Plateau; and Punjab and Sindh Provinces in the plains divided by the Indus River. These plains are the most fertile and also the most densely populated area in Pakistan. The country has a wide altitudinal variation spanning a number of ecological regions ranging from coastal ecosystems; deserts; ? odplains; and mountains, such as the Himalayas and Hindu Kush ranges, covering an area of 796,095 square kilometers (km2). The climate is generally arid, characterized by hot summers and cool winters, and wide variations between extremes of temperatures at given locations. Pakistan has four seasons, with temperatures ranging from 0 °C to 32 °C, which to some extent in? uence the movement of air pollutants. Wind s peed, which is essential for ? ushing air pollution, is low in its major cities. In the dry and low wind days, natural dust and anthropogenic pollution takes longer time to disperse (Pakistan EPA 2005). Karachi has an estimated population of 11. 97 million people, with a density of 3,394 persons/km2, while Lahore has 6. 49 million people, with a density of 6,396 persons/km2 in 2006. Karachi became the capital of Pakistan when the country gained independence in 1947 and, as a result, achieved faster rates of urbanization compared to the other cities. The port of Karachi and the nearby port of Qasim have substantially contributed to the growth of the city and its economy. Karachi is considered as the ? nancial center of Pakistan (Wikipedia 2006b,c). With rapid growth and the concentration of activities and investments in Karachi, the Government felt the need to establish a new capital where government agencies and function can be concentrated. In 1960, the capital was transferred to Islamabad, which is located immediately north of Rawalpindi. Urban growth in Islamabad was slow at ? rst, but began to pick up when all the major government buildings were built in the 1980s. Islamabad’s close proximity to Rawalpindi (about 5 kilometers [km]) has resulted in strong linkages among its urban services and a larger conurbation. Economy and Industry Pakistan’s economy grew, from 2002 to 2004, as a result of changes in government policies and the resumption of international lending. The country’s gross domestic product (GDP) achieved record growth rates, accompanied by buoyant levels of investment and sustainable ? scal balances. Its GDP growth rate has increased, from a low of 1. 9% in 2001, to a high of 8. 4% in 2005 (ADB 2006). Pakistan is considered as one of the fastest-growing economies in the Asian region. This high growth rate translates to high level of demand for mobility and services in its major urban areas. It has also fueled rapid changes in consumer spending patterns. In particular, the middle class is becoming an increasingly dominant force. Population and Urbanization Pakistan’s population was estimated at 148 million in July 2004, with a population density of 187 persons/km2. Its urban population, estimated at 33. 5%, makes Pakistan one of the most urbanized countries in South Asia (ADB 2005). The most populated cities in Pakistan are Karachi and Hyderabad in Sindh Province; and Lahore, Faisalabad, and Rawalpindi in Punjab Province. Quetta and Peshawar, the capitals of Balochistan and NWFP, respectively, have relatively fewer people compared with the other major cities. 2 COUNTRY SYNTHESIS REPORT ON URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT Per capita income, de? ned as gross national product at market price divided by the country’s population, grew by an average of 13. 9% in the last 4 years—from $582 in 2002–2003 to $847 in 2005–2006 (MoF 2006). The major industries in Pakistan are on textiles, cement, fertilizer, steel, sugar, electric goods, shipbuilding, and the automobile manufacturing industry. Karachi and Lahore have emerged as the cities with the most number of industrial activities. Karachi is home to the busiest port in Pakistan, which produces substantial number of activities and trade and contributes 65% to the country’s GDP (Wikipedia 2006b). The industries are located mostly in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh, which have 53% and 37%, respectively, of the 4,753 industrial facilities in Pakistan. These facilities are found within and around the periphery of its major cities. Despite the devastating earthquake in the northern part of Pakistan on 8 October 2005 and the extraordinary surge in oil prices, consumer spending remained buoyant, with investors remaining upbeat on the strength and sustainability of its growth. The key drivers of this growth had been the service and industry. The construction industry continued to show strong performance, partly due to the activity in the private housing market, spending on physical infrastructure, and reconstruction activities in the earthquake-a? ected areas (MoF 2006). Agriculture remains as the country’s principal industry, accounting for more than 60% of exports and 25% of GDP (Pakistan EPA 2006). However, recent statistical information on GDP output by sector shows a decrease in the annual percentage change for agriculture—from 4. 1 in 2003 down to 2. 6 in 2004—while the industry sector accounted for an annual percentage change from 5. 8 in 2003 to 13. 1 in 2004 (ADB 2005). The manufacturing industry is the second largest sector of the economy, accounting for 18. 2% of GDP (MoF 2006). energy consumption. Pakistan’s per capita energy consumption was 12. million Btu in 2001 (Pakistan EPA 2005). The total primary energy consumption in Pakistan is estimated at 60 million t of oil equivalent (toe), with 70% based on the use of hydrocarbons (Pakistan EPA 2005). Natural gas and petroleum are the main sources of energy for Pakistan, accounting for 50% and 29%, respectively. Figure 1. 1 shows the shares of di? erent energy so urces in the country for 2004– 2005. The use of petroleum products has shown a declining trend since 2000. This is mainly due to the Government’s e? orts to promote local compressed natural gas (CNG) and lique? d petroleum gas (LPG) for use in the transport, agriculture, and power sectors because of the high costs of imported oil. Natural gas and LPG consumption have increased by an average of almost 16% in the period 2003 to 2005. Imported oil accounts for 82% of the total oil consumed while indigenous natural gas accounts for 50% of the total gas consumed (MoF 2006). To increase usage of indigenous resources, the Government of Pakistan is putting a lot of e? orts to attract local and foreign investors in the exploration, production, and exploitation of natural gas and oil in the country. Although Pakistan has 26. 8 TCF of proven gas reserves, it currently produces only 0. 8 TCF of natural gas per year, all of which is domestically consumed. Pakistan’s demand for natural gas is expected to rise substantially in the next few years, according to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, because of its plans to make natural gas the â€Å"fuel of choice† for future electric power generation projects (Pakistan EPA 2005). FIGURE 1. 1 Primary Energy Supplies in Pakistan by Source, 2004–2005 LPG 0. 4% Coal 7. 6% Hydro-electricity 11. 0% Nuclear energy 1. 2% Gas 50. % Oil 29. 4% Energy Pakistan’s energy consumption has nearly tripled in the last 20 years, from 0. 6 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) in 1980 to 1. 9 quadrillion Btu in 2001. One quadrillion Btu is equal to about 45 million tons (t) of coal, or 1 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of natural gas, or 170 million barrels of crude oil (Wilcoxen 2006). Pakistan accounts for less than 0. 5% of the world’s total Source: Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan (HDPI) in MoF (2006). PAKISTAN 3 growth has been seen in two-wheelers, a large part of which are running on 2-stroke engines. The number of diesel trucks and buses has also increased up to three times in this period (Pakistan EPA/World Bank 2006). The increase in the use of 2-stroke motorcycles and three-wheelers poses a major concern for most Pakistani cities because of their high rates of emissions. Transportation Road transport is the backbone of Pakistan’s transport system. It has played a substantial role in the economic growth currently experienced by the country, contributing 10% to its GDP and 20%–25% of Federal Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP) in recent years (World Bank 2006). Passenger and freight tra? c have grown much faster than the country’s economic growth in recent years. With the country’s booming economy, continued investments in the transport sector are expected over the next years. Pakistan’s road tra? c has been growing at an average annual rate of 14. 1% during the 20-year period between 1985 and 2005. Pakistan Railways’ freight tra? c, on the other hand, declined by 48%, from 11. 8 million t in 1985 to 6. 1 million t in 2005. Rail passenger tra? stagnated during this period and, as a result, all the growth was handled by the road sector, which now carries more than 95% of the inland freight (273 million t/year) and 90% of the passenger tra? c. Pakistan has about 4. 9 million vehicles on the road, whose number is growing by about 8% annually. The road transport industry is deregulated and predominantly in the private sector (World Bank 2006). Urban transportation systems in Pakistani cities are characterized by the dominating presence of colorful autorickshaws, known locally as rickshahs; colorful buses and trucks; and cars. To a certain extent, bicycles are still being used for daily commuting but mostly only by the poorer sector of the society (Wikipedia 2006). Public transportation is generally poor in Pakistan. The number of intercity minibuses is insu? cient to handle the passengers in Pakistani cities and its levels of service are found to be very low and often unattractive toward the public. Because of this, the general public has found stronger preference to travel within the city using rickshaws, motorcycles, and cars. Figure 1. shows the number of registered motor vehicles in Pakistan. The country’s vehicle ? eet has doubled from about 2. 7 million in 1990 to about 5. 4 million in 2005. The biggest share of motor vehicles (about 80%) is from cars and motorcycles, most of which are privately owned and operated. The fastest FIGURE 1. 2 Number of Registered Motor Vehicles in Pakistan 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 Motor cars, jeeps, and station wagons Motor c abs/taxis Buses Trucks Motorcycles (2-wheeler) Motorcycles (3-wheeler) Others Number of units (? 00,000) Source: Pakistan EPA/World Bank (2006). Owing to the vast reserves and availability of natural gas in Pakistan, the Government has adopted several measures in promoting its use in the transport sector. Apart from reducing the dependence on imported petroleum products, air pollution issues have also driven the Government to promote CNG for transportation. The Government has implemented a price di? erential between CNG and motor gasoline tari? s as an incentive for CNG usage. Pakistan is the largest CNG-using country in Asia and the third largest in the world. In 2005, there were 700,000 CNG vehicles in the country, the majority of which are converted gasoline vehicles. The number of CNG refueling stations was 766 in 2005 (ANGV 2006). Several initiatives at the local government level have been geared toward replacing 2-stroke gasoline rickshaws to CNG in order to reduce air pollution in the urban area.  » Part Two Sources of Air Pollution The major sources of air pollution in Pakistani cities are combustion of fossil fuels from vehicles, factories, and power plants. However, there are no emissions inventories that show the estimated air pollutant emissions from these sources. The Government does not conduct regular emissions inventories in the cities. The air pollution problem is aggravated by the aging ? eet of vehicles in poor mechanical condition and low levels of fuel e? ciency. The increasing number of diesel trucks has further added to the problem. According to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a major share of the emissions load from motor vehicles, although not quanti? ed, can be attributed to a relatively small number of smoky diesel and 2-stroke vehicles found in many Pakistani cities (Pakistan EPA/World Bank 2006). The high levels of sulfur in automotive diesel (0. 5%–1%) and furnace oil (1%–3. 5%) is seen as a major contributor to Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) in ambient air. Emissions from large-scale facilities, such as cement, fertilizer, sugar, steel, and power plants, many of which use furnace oil; and a wide range of small- to medium-scale industries (including brick kilns, steel rerolling, steel recycling, and plastic molding) cause a disproportionate share of pollution through their use of dirty â€Å"waste† fuels, such as old tires, paper, wood, and textile waste. Industrial emissions are further compounded by the widespread use of small diesel electric generators in commercial and residential areas in response to the poor reliability of electricity supplies (Pakistan EPA/World Bank 2006). The burning of municipal solid waste is also a signi? cant source of air pollution in the urban area. Almost 48,000 t of solid waste is generated each day, most of which is either dumped in low-lying areas or burned. The burning of solid waste at low temperatures not only generates PM, but also produces other carcinogenic pollutants (Pakistan EPA/World Bank 2006). One source apportionment study conducted by the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology investigated the composition of PM in Nilore, an industrial area in Islamabad. The analysis showed high levels of heavy metals, particularly antimony (Sb), in the samples, both for PM10 and PM2. 5. The International Atomic Energy Agency cites motor vehicle emissions, paints, coal and refuse combustion as the probable source of antimony (Ahmad 2004).  » Part Three Status of Air Quality (State) Air Quality Monitoring System There is no air quality monitoring network in place in Pakistan. Most of the available air quality monitoring data is done on an ad hoc/commercial basis mostly by the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in cooperation with the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and Pakistan EPA. There is also some ad-hoc monitoring of air quality from other projects conducted by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Agency (PAEC) and the Pakistan Council of Scienti? c and Industrial Research (PCSIR). and the guidelines for 24-hour monitoring ranged from 150 ? g/m3 to 230 ? g/m3. The ambient concentrations of SO2, NOx, and Carbon monoxide (CO) were, on average, found to be within the limits in the WHO guidelines of 2000. Table 3. 1 shows the hourly average data of PM10, SO2, CO, NOx, and Ozone (O3). TABLE 3. 1 Hourly Average Ambient Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Pakistani Cities in 2000 Item PM10 hourly average data in ? g/m3 Lahore 895. 00 44. 60 2. 82 156. 60 8. 50 Rawalpindi 709. 00 30. 70 1. 83 74. 70 17. 00 Islamabad 520. 00 28. 50 1. 55 148. 50 10. 00 Air Quality Data The limited air quality data available for Pakistani cities makes it quite di? ult to provide a conclusive remark on the major pollutants of concern in Pakistan. However, several of these ad-hoc studies on air quality in Pakistani cities have shown that PM and Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are above the WHO guideline values. Pakistan EPA, in cooperation with JICA, carried out in 2000 an initial investigation of the air pollution in Pakistan and assessed the ambient air quality in Lahore, Raw alpindi, and Islamabad. Air quality sampling was conducted using a mobile station that measured hourly concentrations of air pollutants from 0700 to 2400 taken on di? rent days in April and May 2000. The concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), PM10, and lead (Pb) were found to have greatly exceeded the WHO guideline values. The average SPM for the three cities was 2,000 ? g/m3, while PM10 averaged 700 ? g/m3 (Pakistan EPA/JICA 2001). The new WHO guidelines limit for 24-hour monitoring of PM10 is set at 50 ? g/m3. There is no guideline value for SPM under the new guidelines set by WHO (WHO 2005). The only guidelines for SPM or total suspended particulate (TSP) matter from WHO was last issued in 1979, SO2 hourly average data in ppb CO hourly average data in ppm NOx hourly average data in ppb O3 hourly average data in ppb Source: Pakistan EPA/JICA, 2001. A study investigating air quality was conducted by SUPARCO under the ENERCON/UNDP Fuel E? ciency in Road Transport Sector (FERTS) from 2003 to 2004 for the cities of Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad. Using mobile stations, data were collected usually along roadside and measured every hour on various dates in 2003 and 2004. The climatic conditions when the data were sampled are shown in Table 3. . Similar to those of the Pakistan EPA/JICA study conducted in 2000, the results of this study showed high levels of PM10 exceeding WHO 2005 guideline values (20 ? g/m3) for all the cities. The highest levels were recorded in Lahore and Quetta, reaching almost 260 ? g/m3 and 290 ? g/m3 average hourly concentrations, respectively. Figure 3. 1 shows the 48-hour averages of PM10 for the six cities included in this st udy. 6 TABLE 3. 2 COUNTRY SYNTHESIS REPORT ON URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT FIGURE 3. 2 Climatic Conditions for the Four Cycles 003 City Islamabad Karachi Lahore Peshawar Quetta Rawalpindi 1st Cycle Monsoon Postmonsoon Monsoon Monsoon Summer Monsoon 2nd Cycle Winter Winter Postmonsoon Winter Postmonsoon Postmonsoon 3rd Cycle Spring Spring Spring Spring Winter Winter 2004 4th Cycle Summer Summer Summer Summer Spring Summer 48-hour Mean of SO2 in Major Pakistani Cities 35 28 21 14 7 0 Concentrations (ppb) Source: Pakistan EPA/ World Bank (2006). Karachi Lahore 1st Cycle Islamabad 2nd Cycle Rawalpindi 3rd Cycle Peshawar Quetta 4th Cycle Source: SUPARCO (2005). FIGURE 3. 1 48-hour Mean of PM10 in Major Pakistani Cities 00 250 200 150 100 50 0 Islamabad Karachi 1st Cycle Concentrations ( µg/m3) FIGURE 3. 3 NOx Levels in Major Pakistani Cities Concentrations (ppb) 45 36 27 18 Lahore 2nd Cycle Peshawar 3rd Cycle Quetta Rawalpindi 9 0 Karachi Lahore 1st Cycle 4th Cycle Source: SUPARCO (200 5). Islamabad 2nd Cycle Rawalpindi 3rd Cycle Peshawar Quetta 4th Cycle Source: SUPARCO (2005). Figure 3. 2 shows the ambient levels of SO2 observed from these six cities, which were found to also exceed WHO guideline values, with Quetta posting the highest average concentrations. The new WHO guideline values (2005) speci? s the limit for 1 year averaging at 20 ? g/m3 or 7. 56 parts per billion (ppb). Ambient levels of NOx were also included in the study as shown in Figure 3. 3. Internationally, standards are only set for Nitrogen dioxide (NO2); hence, it is di? cult to assess the seriousness of NO2 pollution in these cities. Fortunately, in another study conducted jointly by Pakistan EPA and JICA in 2005, levels of NO2 were included in the assessment. The ambient concentrations of NO2 are shown in Figure 3. 4. Karachi had the highest or maximum recorded levels followed by Lahore, Quetta, Peshawar, and Islamabad. Average concentrations showed that Karachi and Lahore have similar concentrations at 76 ? g/m3. The average concentrations of NO2 in Quetta, Peshawar, and Islamabad were 69. 50 ? g/m3, 47. 28 ? g/m3, and 30. 41 ? g/m3, respectively. The safe level of long-term exposure to NO2 is set by WHO at 40 ? g/m3 for 1-year monitoring, while for short-term monitoring (1 hour), the threshold is set at 200 ? g/m3. The lowest recorded level of NO2 (11. 65 ? g/m3) was found in Islamabad in the residential area along embassy road, while the highest recorded level (399. 65 ? /m3) was found at Karimabad Junction in Karachi (Lodhi 2006). Ambient ozone (O3) concentrations in these Pakistani cities were found to be within the standards set by WHO (as shown in Figure 3. 5). PAKISTAN FIGURE 3. 4 FIGURE 3. 5 7 Ambient Levels of Nitrogen Dioxide in Different Cities in Pakistan Concentration ( µg/m3) 400 300 200 100 0 O3 Levels in Major Pakistani Cities 30 24 18 12 6 0 Concentrations (ppb) Islamabad Karachi 1st Cycle Lahore 2nd Cycle Peshawar 3rd Cycle Quetta Rawalpindi Karachi Lahore Maximum Quetta Mean Peshawar Minimum Islamabad 4th Cycle Source: SUPARCO (2005). Source: Lodhi (2006).  » Part Four Impacts of Air Pollution The most recent study on the impacts of PM on health in Pakistan conducted by the Pakistan EPA and the World Bank showed that it causes 22,000 premature deaths in adults and 700 in children annually. The total health costs is estimated between Rs62 billion to Rs65 billion (about US$1. 09 billion1) or approximately 1% of the gross domestic product (Pakistan EPA/World Bank 2006). In terms of annual Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost, mortality accounted for an estimated 60%, followed by respiratory symptoms. The bulk of losses were due to adult premature mortality, which was consistent with evidence from other assessments that found adults to be more vulnerable to respiratory symptoms and in greater danger of lung cancer (Pakistan EPA/World Bank 2006). In 2002, a medical study investigated the impact of environmental pollution on the health of nearly 1,000 tra? c policemen. Results showed that about 80% of the traffic policemen had chronic ear-nose-throat (ENT) problems and 40% showed signs of lung problems (some of which developed into asthma and tuberculosis). Due to the nearly 10-hour job on the road amidst smoke and blowing horns, almost 90% showed symptoms of irritability and tension; 45% of the cases (ranging from 35 to 50 years of age) su? ered from hypertension (Pakistan EPA 2005). The incidence of the so-called â€Å"winter fog† phenomenon in Pakistan, which is a cocktail of toxic gases and particulates, has contributed to economic losses, aggravating respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as increased cardiac arrest rates. One study in 2002 estimated that approximately 16. 8 million people—about 40% of the total urban population in Pakistan—are exposed to this â€Å"fog† and have health implications amounting to Rs25. 7 billion per year (Pakistan EPA 2005). 1 Pakistan had high levels of lead in gasoline prior to its nationwide ban in 2002. Various studies conducted in Pakistani cities, such as Peshawar, Karachi, Islamabad, and Chakshahzad, in the 1990s showed high levels of lead in blood of stu dents. In Karachi, 98% of the children studied had blood lead levels (BPbLs) of more than 20 ? g/dl compared to only 32. 6% in Peshawar. The higher tra? c activity in Karachi and exposure of the students were identi? d as the main reason for this di? erence. In the two schools where BPbLs were investigated in Karachi, the average was 38. 2 +/- 7 ? g/dl and ranged from 10. 4 ? g/dl to 52. 2 ? g/dl, which was considerably higher than the acceptable 10 ? g/dl BPbL. As expected, samples in Chakshahzad showed low levels and within safe limits—the average BPbL was 2. 38 ? g/dl and ranged from 0. 2 ? g/dl to 8. 6 ? g/dl. BPbLs in Islamabad ranged from 13 ? g/dl to 32? g/dl and averaged 22. 8 +/- 3. 3 ? g/dl (Khwaja 2003). Unfortunately, there are no studies available that investigated BPbLs after lead was completely banned in gasoline in Pakistan. TABLE 4. 1 Annual Costs of Health Impacts of Ambient Particulate Air Pollution (Billion Rs) Health End-Points Premature mortality: adults Mortality: children under 5 Chronic bronchitis Hospital admissions Emergency room visits/ outpatient hospital visits Restricted activity days Lower respiratory illness in children Respiratory symptoms Total Attributed Total Cases 21,791 658 7,825 81,312 1,595,080 81,541,893 4,924,148 706,808,732 Total Annual Costs 58–61 0. 83 0. 06 0. 28 0. 80 2. 06 0. 84 0. 00 62–65 1 US$ = 59. 73051 Pakistan rupee on average in 2005 (www. oanda. com). Source: Pakistan EPA/World Bank (2006). Part Five Air Quality Management Legal Basis and Mandate The fundamental environmental legislation in Pakistan is the Environmental Protection Act of 1997 (PEPA), which superseded the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance of 1983. The Act establishes the general conditions, prohibitions, and enforcement for the prevention and control of pollution, and the promotion of sustainable development. The Act also establishes and delineates the powers and functions of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC), Pakistan EPA, provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), and Environmental Tribunals. In particular, the Act creates the authority for the delegation of environmental management functions to the provincial EPAs (Pakistan EPA/World Bank 2006). Air quality management in Pakistan is handled at the national, provincial, and district (city) levels. At the national level, Pakistan EPA is responsible for setting air quality and emissions standards and for de? ning associated systems for monitoring and enforcement. However, ambient air quality standards and comprehensive vehicle emissions standards have yet to be promulgated by the Pakistan EPA. As a result, even if the four provincial environmental protection agencies have the authority to provide their own ambient air quality standards and emissions standards, these legislations have not been made. Provincial Local Government Ordinances promulgated in 2001 have devolved administrative, legislative, and fiscal powers to City District Governments (CDG). Although the Local Government Ordinance gives CDGs wide legislative powers, these are not widely exercised to manage air quality in the municipality but focus on municipal services delivery, revenue collection, and other ? cal and administrative issues. An Environment Cell headed by the District Environment O? cer has been created within the CDG Municipal Services Department in Lahore to deal with air pollution problems in the city (Ghazali 2006). The 2001 National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), which was approved by PEPC, included air pollution in its core programs. Some key objectives, including the introduction of unlea ded gasoline and a reduction of sulfur in diesel, were achieved. However, a number of initiatives are still to be undertaken. To consolidate ongoing and proposed initiatives for the management of urban air quality, MoE has developed the Pakistan Clean Air Programme (PCAP), which highlights the four major sources of urban air pollution that need to be addressed: (i) vehicular emissions, (ii) industrial emissions, (iii) burning of solid waste, and (iv) natural dust. It incorporates a range of short- and long-term actions to be adopted by all levels of government and by a variety of agencies (Pakistan EPA/World Bank 2006). Table 5. 1 shows the various measures (categorized as short- and long-term measures) and responsible agencies identi? d by the Pakistan EPA for the implementation of PCAP. The cities of Lahore in Punjab Province and Karachi in Sindh Province have been at the forefront in improving urban air quality. Both cities have established Clean Air Commissions involving high-level representatives from the city and national government and other stakeholders and headed by the City mayor. Box 5. 1 outline s the history and development of the Lahore Clean Air Commission and the proposed action plan. 10 TABLE 5. 1 COUNTRY SYNTHESIS REPORT ON URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT Proposed Measures to Address Air Pollution in Pakistan in PCAP Short-term Measures General Air Quality Management Baseline data collection on ambient air quality using fixed Federal and Provincial EPAs and mobile laboratories Launch of effective awareness campaign against smokeemitting vehicles Reducing Emissions from Mobile Sources Stop import and local manufacturing of 2-stroke vehicles Restriction on conversion of vehicles from gasoline engine to second-hand diesel engines; launch effective awareness campaign against smoke-emitting vehicles High pollution spots in cities may be identified and control through better traffic management, such as establishment of rapid mass transit and traffic-free zones Capacity building of Motor Vehicle Examiners Regular checking of quality of fuel and lubricating oils sold in the market Phasing out of 2-stroke and diesel- run public service vehicles Giving tariff preference to CNG-driven buses Adoption of fiscal incentives and a financing mechanism to provide resources to transporters Establishment of environmental squad of traffic police in all major cities to control visible smoke Reducing Emissions from Stationary Covering of buildings/site during renovation and construction to avoid air pollution Provincial Governments Promotion of waste minimization, waste exchange, and pollution control technology in industries Federal and Provincial EPAs, Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries and Ministry of Industries and Production Capital Development Authority and Provincial Governments Ministry of Environment and Provincial Forest Department Ministry of Communication and Provincial Government Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Industry Provincial Governments Improvement of energy efficiency in vehicles and industry Introduction of low-sulfur diesel and furnace oil and promotion of alternative fuels, such as CNG, LPG, and mixed fuels, in the country Review Motor Vehicle Ordinance to provide for inspection of pr ivate vehicles Establish vehicle inspection centers Identify pollution control devices/ additives for vehicles and encourage their use Ministry of Environment Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources Federal and Provincial Governments Provincial Governments Creation of public awareness and education Ministry of Environment and Provincial Environment Department Responsible Agencies Long-term Measures Responsible Agencies Setting up continuous monitoring stations in Ministry of Environment and Provincial cities to record pollution levels in ambient air Government Provincial Governments Provincial Governments Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources Federal and Provincial Governments Ministry of Industries and Ministry of Finance Ministry of Communication and Provincial Government Provincial Governments Ministry of Communication and Provincial Government Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Petroleum Reducing Emissions from Area Sources (Open Burning) and Dust Proper disposal of solid waste in cities/ provinces Block tree plantation in cities, forestation in deserts and sand dune stabilization Paving of shoulders along roads Source: Adapted from Pakistan EPA, Pakistan Clean Air Program (2006); Pakistan EPA/World Bank (2006). In 2007, continuous air quality monitoring stations will be set up in Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, and Islamabad with support from JICA. This is part of the agreement between the Government of Pakistan and Japan to implement the â€Å"Establishment of the Environmental Monitoring System in Pakistan† in 2003. This includes the setting up of seven air quality monitoring stations in ? ve major cities of Pakistan (Pakistan EPA/World Bank 2006). PAKISTAN BOX 5. 1 11 Lahore’s Initiatives to Improve Air Quality In 1997, some concerned residents of Lahore filed a public interest environmental litigation against the growing menace of vehicular air pollution at the Lahore High Court. After almost 6 years (in 2003), the case came out of hibernation when Mr. Justice Sair Ali of the Lahore High Court took it as a high-priority concern. The Honorable High Court, considering air pollution as an issue of public importance, formulated a consensus-based Commission to make recommendations for effective future action to bring about a meaningful change in quality of vehicular air pollution. The Commission, known as the Lahore Clean Air Commission (LCAC), was composed of lawyers, EPD, City Government, Punjab Government, City Mayor (Nazim), environmental scientists, and civil society members. LCAC was tasked to submit a report on feasible and practical long- and short-term solutions and measures for monitoring, controlling, and improving the vehicular air pollution in the city of Lahore. The Commission worked for over a year and met with a number of stakeholders. During this process, LCAC made contact with the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI–Asia). CAI–Asia assisted in organizing a National Workshop for the Improvement of Urban Air Quality in Pakistan in December 2004. This brought technical expertise to Pakistan from all over the world to assist in the formulation of the solutions and measures called for by the Court. The Commission fine-tuned the draft recommendations formulated at the Conference with the approval of all the stakeholders who signed the final document and submitted these recommendations to the Lahore High Court. The recommendations proposed measures to address pollution from diesel buses, autorickshaws, ambient air quality standards, vehicular emission standards, fuel standards, proposed financial plan to implement the recommendations, proposed monitoring mechanism to monitor the progress in the implementation of the recommendations, awareness raising, and capacity building. Source: Shah (2006), IUCN (2006). The Recommendations of LCAC were thoroughly tested by the Court by inviting public objections to the Recommendations through public advertisement and through notice to all the respective ministries and departments. This process took nearly a year spread over almost 15 hearings. After approval of the recommendations, the Court directed the civil society, city government, and the Punjab Government to come up with an Action Plan. An action plan has been developed for Lahore and its implementation is now ongoing. The recommendations of the commission include Introduction of Euro 2 CNG buses Phasing out of existing buses in 2 years Certification of vehicles from authorized workshops Gap age for buses should be 10 years Phase-out old wagons Introduction of CNG rickshaws Ban on the registration of 2-stroke rickshaws by January 2006 Phase out existing rickshaws from Lahore in 1 year Setting own Ambient Air Quality Standards and Vehicle Emission Standards by 2006 Proper IM system Awareness-raising for CNG use Among the important achievements of Lahore is the phase-out/banning of 2-stroke rickshaws and diesel-fueled public transport vehicles and their replacement with CNG-fueled rickshaws. Ambient Air Quality Standards Pakistan only has standards for SO2 and NOx for industrial areas as stipulated in the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) (1995). The SO2 ambient standards are set for four categories of background ambient air in power plants operating on oil and coal. These categories co rrespond to the maximum allowable emissions of SO2 in tons per day. Table 5. 2 shows the detailed speci? cations of this regulation. For NOx, the annual average concentration was pegged at 100 ? g/m3 for power plants using oil and coal and was not further categorized like the SO2 standards. TABLE 5. 2 SO2 Ambient Air Quality Standards for Oil and Coal Power Plants and Corresponding Emissions Limits Categories Unpolluted Moderately polluted (low) Moderately polluted (high) Very polluted Source: NEQS (1995). Annual Averaging (? g/m3) 50 50 100 50 24-hour Averaging (? g/m3) 200 200 400 400 Maximum SO2 Emissions (tons per day) 500 500 100 100 12 COUNTRY SYNTHESIS REPORT ON URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT Though these standards were stipulated in NEQS, it is not clear how these were developed and enforced. A need to develop a comprehensive set of ambient air quality standards for criteria air pollutants in Pakistan is crucial to the development of its own air quality management system. Such standards need to be health-based and congruent with WHO guidelines. Attock Re? nery Ltd, are in the process of further reducing sulfur levels in diesel (Azam 2006). The Government has actively promoted the use of CNG to reduce the pressure on petroleum imports, to curb pollution, and to improve the environment. This is clearly stipulated in the country’s Petroleum Policy of 1997 (ADB 2004). As a result, Pakistan has become the third largest country in the world with natural-gas vehicles. Most of these vehicles are private cars. Public transport auto-rickshaws have been converted to either CNG or LPG. In addition, local noti? cations have also been promulgated to limit or totally ban the operations of highly-polluting vehicles, such as the ban on old and poorly maintained city buses, and the ban on 2-stroke auto-rickshaws. Such noti? cations have been made in Lahore and Karachi banning 2-stroke autorickshaws from operating in the city as mentioned in Table 6. 1. In Lahore, some roads have been closed for operations of 2-stroke rickshaws: the Mall Road was closed on 17 April 2006, Jail Road on 27 September 2006, and Main Boulevard (Gulberg) on 18 October 2006. It is planned that by 20 December 2007, a complete ban of 2-stroke rickshaws will be implemented in Lahore (Khan 2006). The country does not have an established inspection and maintenance system in order to regulate emissions from inuse vehicles. However, motor vehicle examiners, who operate within the transport departments in each state, conduct arbitrary inspections and issue a certi? cate of ? tness for public and commercial vehicles. CDGs and the provincial tra? c police are implementing a provincial motor vehicle ordinance that allows them to apprehend private and public transport vehicles emitting visible smoke, vapor, grit, sparks, ashes, cinders, or oily substances and ? nes them Rs500 for such violation (Ghazali 2006). A voluntary inspection and tune-up program is included in the United Nations Development Programme-Global Environment Facility-Fuel Efficiency in Road Transport Sector (UNDP-GEF-FERTS) project and a German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)-supported project in Peshawar. According to the ENERCON component of the UNDP-GEFFERTS project, Pakistan has plans to put up a centralized system operated by the private sector but controlled and overseen by the Government. This will handle emissions and safety issues as well, and is planned for operations in 2007 for all commercial vehicles and 2010 for all types of vehicles Management of Mobile Sources The existing vehicle emissions standards in Pakistan were noti? ed in the 1993 National Environmental Quality Standards for Vehicle Exhaust and Noise (Annex III). These set of standards were found to be no longer su? cient to tackle the increasing problem of emissions from motor vehicles in Pakistan because these only include parameters for smoke and CO, which are comparable to pre-Euro standards for in-use vehicles (NECC 2002). In addition, the standards were set for all modes of vehicles and did not delineate between light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles, and/or motorcycles. The NEAP 2005 and the proposed PCAP mention a number of other actions to address emissions from motor vehicles, including proposed new vehicle emissions standards and corresponding fuel quality standards for metrocities. The proposed measures by PCAP, as shown in Table 6. , are mostly on tailpipe-oriented measures, but with some provisions for travel demand management and promotion of modal shift toward public transportation, and strengthened enforcement (Pakistan EPA/World Bank 2006). The national workshop on air quality management in Pakistan, which was held in Lahore in 2004, discussed the adoption of Euro 2 for all types of vehicles in 2007, Euro 3 in 2010, and Euro 4 in 2013 for Pakistan’s metrocities (CAI–Asia 2004). However, this has not yet been o? cially adopted by government regulators. The current gasoline speci? cations monitored in Pakistan are research octane number (RON) at 90, lead at zero levels, and sulfur content at 0. 1% (or 1,000 ppm). For diesel, it is 1. %, with the actual levels ranging from 5,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm of sulfur. Various steps to improve the speci? cation of petroleum products have been taken since 2000. Unleaded gasoline, introduced in the country in July 2002, has been improved to 90 RON unleaded gasoline and is now produced and marketed since 2003. Several national re? neries, such as PAKISTAN 13 It classifies industries into categories A, B, and C, each corresponding to a speci? ed reporting frequency. Category A industry will report their emission levels after every month; category B industry, qu arterly; and category C industry, biannually. Industrial units will get their e? ent tested from a laboratory and enter the results in electronic form included in the package (software SMART – Self-Monitoring and Reporting Tool) (Pakistan EPA 2006b). (CAI–Asia 2004). Recently, the Government of Karachi has agreed to work with a Malaysian ? rm to set up an inspection and maintenance system in the city. Management of Stationary Sources The management of emissions from stationary sources is also the responsibility of the Pakistan EPA and the federal or provincial EPAs. The industries of particular concern are the (i) brick kilns, which use rubber tires for fuel; (ii) rubber, pulp, and paper mills, which emit high amounts of hydrocarbons and metallic and acidic compounds; (iii) factories using highsulfur furnace oil; (iv) health care waste incinerators; and (v) thermal power plants. In the NEP 2005 and PCAP, a number of measures targeting stationary sources emissions have been included, addressing PM and other criteria pollutants, and as well as a range of potentially carcinogenic pollutants, including dioxins and furans. A number of cities have industrial clusters that are located in proximity to residential areas. The proposed measures include the introduction of low-sulfur diesel and furnace oil, promotion of alternate fuels, waste minimization and energy e? ciency, and pollution control technology. The relocation of polluting industrial units violating land-use regulations is also one of the stricter measures that can help reduce exposure to air pollution (Pakistan EPA/World Bank 2006). The Pakistan EPA, in collaboration with the industry and other stakeholders, has implemented the â€Å"Self-Monitoring and Reporting System for Industry† (SMART) Program. Under the program, industries in Pakistan will systematically monitor their environmental performance and report the data to EPAs. By implementing the system, the Government is, in fact, transferring its responsibility for examining and evaluating industry’s environmental performance to individual industrial facilities. This would save Pakistan EPA considerable expense, time, and e? ort and would enable industries to make longterm provisions for eco-friendly production (Pakistan EPA 2006b). The Environmental Standards Committee takes into account the resources and interests of both EPAs and industries. Management of Area Sources and Dust Widespread burning of garbage in several urban areas is another critical air pollution problem in Pakistan. CDGs are charged with removing sources of pollution and exercise control over these kinds of area sources. Currently, CDGs are actively engaged in controlling emissions by prohibiting roadside incineration of municipal waste and are taking steps to introduce sustainable waste management practices (Ghazali 2006). A comprehensive waste management program is also being considered by Pakistan EPA in order to address the issue of rampant open burning in Pakistani cities. Public/Nongovernment Participation Several organizations, such as the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), have actively engaged in awareness-raising campaigns executed through electronic and print media and through workshops in collaboration with various stakeholders. Public interest litigation has spurred government agencies to take cognizance of deteriorating air quality in Pakistani cities. A number of cases have been ? led against the Government. Issues directly related to air quality as those argued by Syed Mansoor Ali Shah and Shehla Zia focused on vehicular air pollution and public health and safety issues. This has resulted in a strong and proactive participation of the Lahore City Government on improving air quality in the city. 14 COUNTRY SYNTHESIS REPORT ON URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT The Pakistan Clean Air Network (PCAN) with its secretariat hosted by IUCN is actively seeking the involvement of all stakeholders in its e? ort to promote better air quality in Pakistani cities. It is also closely coordinating with government authorities in order to support and complement governmentled initiatives. In 2004, a national workshop on air quality management was organized by CAI–Asia in Lahore, Pakistan in partnership with City of Lahore, Lahore Clean Air Commission, National Environmental Action Plan-Support Programme, IUCN Pakistan, ADB, World Bank, and other institutions in order to catalyze air quality management e? orts in Pakistan and to strengthen air quality management in the main urban areas in the country. As a follow-up to this workshop, another National Workshop on Urban Air Quality Management was organized by IUCN Pakistan in collaboration with CAI–Asia and PCAN in September 2006. The workshop paid special attention to integrated tra? c management and developing strategies for addressing air quality management issues in collaboration other partner organizations in Pakistan. The Pakistan Clean Air Program was also presented and discussed in this workshop. The workshop further strengthened the collaboration and partnerships of various local and international institutions in Pakistan and has raised the optimism of being able to improve urban air quality in the country.  » Part Six Conclusion Pakistan ? ds itself at a critical juncture in its development trajectory. High rates of growth and industrial productivity in the traditionally agrarian economy are indicative of greater input of resources and, as such, remain inextricably linked to the emissions from the accelerated use of energy in the country. The low-quality fuels used in major industries and in the transport sector have substantially contributed to the problem, which is further aggravated by uncontrolled biomass and waste burning in the urban area. The proliferation of informal and ine? cient public transportation system in major cities in Pakistan has also been one of the key factors driving the air pollution problem. The booming economy is likely to lead to a rapid growth of personal motorization. Without adequate support and regulatory measures, this phenomenon could accelerate the worsening air quality problems in Pakistani cities. Based on existing air quality monitoring data, PM10 and PM2. 5 are the main pollutants of concern. PM concentrations were found to exceed 1979 WHO guidelines by a factor of 3–4. Oxides of nitrogen are also found to exceed WHO guidelines. The establishment of a continuous air quality monitoring is urgently needed to monitor the current air quality and provide the information required to formulate appropriate measures to protect public health. It is welcoming news that Pakistan is moving forward with the establishment of continuous air quality monitoring stations in its major cities. Although there have been few studies of the impacts of air pollution in human health and the environment, the very high concentrations of PM suggest a very heavy burden of air pollution-induced diseases in the population. This is con? rmed by a recent study of the Pakistan EPA and the World Bank that estimated health costs ranging from Rs62 to Rs65 billion per year, equivalent to about 1% of GDP. This underscores the urgent need to e? ective implement measures to reduce PM. Pakistan still lacks a legal framework that can address urban air pollution and provide an integrated and comprehensive air quality management policy for the country. The need for such a legal basis is important in providing the fundamental basis for air pollution control. The involvement of concerned stakeholders should be ensured in the formulation and legislation of such policies. 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